Evidence-Based Research & Insights

Peer-reviewed research on biliteracy policy, language teaching, and multilingual education organized by theme. Click any title to read a summary.

Policy Implementation & State Variation

This research explores how states implement the Seal of Biliteracy, documenting significant variations in policies, assessment criteria, and outcomes. These studies identify key factors that support or hinder successful program rollout across different contexts.
Davin, K. J., & Heineke, A. J. (2017). The Seal of Biliteracy: Variations in policy and outcomes. Foreign Language Annals, 50(3), 486-499.
DOI: 10.1111/flan.12279
Summary:

This comparative study examines Seal of Biliteracy policies across multiple states, documenting significant variations in requirements, assessment criteria, and award outcomes. The research reveals how different implementation approaches affect student participation and program success.

Davin, K. J., Heineke, A. J., & Egnatz, L. (2018). The Seal of Biliteracy: Successes and challenges of implementation. Foreign Language Annals, 51(2), 275-289.
DOI: 10.1111/flan.12336
Summary:

This study presents findings on successes and challenges that schools face when implementing the Seal of Biliteracy. The research identifies key factors that support or hinder effective program rollout, providing actionable insights for educators and administrators.

Heineke, A. J., & Davin, K. J. (2020). Implementing the Seal of Biliteracy: A multiple case study of six high-awarding districts. Modern Language Journal, 104(2), 395-411.
DOI: 10.1111/modl.12708
Summary:

This in-depth case study examines six school districts with high award rates to identify common practices and conditions that support successful biliteracy program implementation. The findings provide a roadmap for other districts seeking to expand participation and achievement.

Equity, Access & Student Voice

These studies center student perspectives on biliteracy and explore barriers to access. Using critical frameworks, the research examines how testing policies and systemic factors shape student participation and outcomes in biliteracy programs.
Davin, K. J., & Heineke, A. J. (2018). The Seal of Biliteracy: Adding students' voices to the conversation. Bilingual Research Journal, 41(3), 312-328.
DOI: 10.1080/15235882.2018.1481896
Summary:

This study centers student perspectives on the Seal of Biliteracy, examining what motivates students to pursue the credential and what biliteracy recognition means to their identity and future aspirations. The research prioritizes student voice in biliteracy conversations.

Davin, K. J. (2019). Critical language testing: Factors influencing students' decisions to (not) pursue the Seal of Biliteracy. Harvard Educational Review, 91(2), 179-203.
DOI: 10.17763/1943-5045-91.2.179
Summary:

This critical analysis investigates factors that influence whether students decide to pursue or forgo the Seal of Biliteracy. Using critical language testing frameworks, the research reveals how testing policies and systemic barriers shape participation decisions and equity outcomes.

Language Teacher Development

This research examines teacher preparation, recruitment, retention, and professional trajectories. The studies explore how teachers' personal and professional histories shape classroom practices and how teacher development programs support multilingual education and Indigenous language preservation.
Kissau, S., Davin, K. J., & Wang, C. (2019). Recruitment and retention: Analyzing foreign language teachers' motivation, influences and perceptions. Teaching and Teacher Education, 76, 174-183.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tate.2018.11.020
Summary:

This study analyzes what motivates foreign language teachers and what influences their career decisions. The research provides insights into recruitment and retention patterns that have implications for building and sustaining multilingual education programs.

Donato, R., & Davin, K. J. (2018). The genesis of classroom discursive practices as history in person processes. Language Teaching Research, 23(6), 739-760.
DOI: 10.1177/1362168817925473
Summary:

This theoretical and empirical study traces how classroom discursive practices emerge from teachers' personal and professional histories. The research demonstrates how history-in-person processes shape the development of language teaching approaches.

Davin, K. J., & Donato, R. (2024). Stories of struggle and resilience: Examining the experiences of two Spanish teachers through history in person. Modern Language Journal, 108(3), 670-687.
DOI: 10.1111/modl.12947
Summary:

Using a history-in-person framework, this study traces the professional trajectories of two Spanish teachers, revealing how personal struggles and professional resilience shape classroom practices and teacher identity development.

Kissau, S., Davin, K., & Moore, K. (2023). Preparing Cherokee teachers in a world language education program. Journal of Teacher Education.
DOI: 10.1177/00224871231165478
Summary:

This study explores a unique teacher preparation program for Cherokee language teachers, examining both the challenges and opportunities involved in supporting Indigenous language preservation through teacher education.

Language Assessment & Development

This research examines approaches to language assessment, grammar instruction, and developmental perspectives. The studies apply sociocultural and activity theory frameworks to understand how assessment practices and instructional approaches support second language development.
Davin, K. J., & Kushki, A. (2022). A sociocultural perspective: Seeking evidence of development in a PACE approach to grammar instruction. Language Learning, 72(S1), 165-200.
DOI: 10.1111/lang.12473
Summary:

This study applies sociocultural theory to examine how PACE (Presentation, Attention, Codification, Extension) grammar instruction supports second language development through mediated interaction and scaffolding.

Sagan, A., Heinion, J. B., & Davin, K. J. (2021). Contradictions in teachers' classroom dynamic assessment implementation: An activity system analysis. TESOL Quarterly.
DOI: 10.1002/tesq.3046
Summary:

Using activity theory, this study analyzes the tensions and contradictions that emerge when teachers implement dynamic assessment in classrooms. The research identifies conflicts between institutional demands and assessment-for-learning principles.

AI & Innovation in Language Education

This cutting-edge research explores emerging technologies and innovations in language teaching. These studies examine how new tools like ChatGPT are reshaping instructional practices and the importance of critical evaluation of AI-generated content for language education.
Dyrnburg, A. & Davin, K. J. (2025). ChatGPT in foreign language lesson plan creation: Trends, variability, and historical biases. ReCALL, 37(3), 332-347.
DOI: 10.1017/S0958344024000272
Summary:

This recent study examines how ChatGPT generates foreign language lesson plans, identifying patterns, variability, and embedded historical biases in AI-generated instructional content. The research has important implications for responsible use of AI in language education.